A sustainable livestock production system is a sustainable system and does not stand alone and adheres to the principle that everything produced will return to nature and then be reused as a resource that can produce. The development of an integrated agricultural business, hereinafter referred to as the Crop-Livestock Integration System, a livestock crop integration model developed in several regions and countries is oriented towards the concept of a "zero waste production system" where all waste from livestock and plants is recycled and reused into the production cycle.
Feed technology continues to evolve to meet the growing demand for feed ingredients. Various sources of non-conventional feed ingredients available in nature need to be investigated so that they can be used to meet animal feed needs. Abundant plantation waste has been investigated to be used as feed and feed ingredients. From these various studies, it can be concluded that almost all plant waste can be processed into animal feed, especially ruminants.
THE FUTURE STRATEGY OF LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT:
1. Choosing a Livestock Development Location
Determining the location of the farm must take into account various
factors, such as access to markets or consumers, proximity to feed sources,
land availability, infrastructure, transportation, labor, and animal disease
status.
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| Livestock Development Site |
2. Utilizing Suboptimal Land for Livestock
The increasingly limited land resources cause land use to be prioritized
for food crops such as rice, corn, soybeans, and sugar cane, while converting
forests is also impossible. Therefore, in addition to developing livestock in
an integrated manner with food crops, plantations, and horticulture, livestock
can be developed on suboptimal land (such as lowland land, swamp land, tidal
land and dry land) which is still very large and has not been used optimally.
Suboptimal Land |
3. Optimizing LEISA and Zero Waste Patterns
The strategy of low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) and zero waste with an integrated crop-livestock system is in line with the concept of environmentally friendly sustainable development because it will increase the efficiency of the use of natural resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this case, the fulfillment of animal feed from waste from plantation crops or food crops or agro-industry does not require special land so that it saves the use of land and water resources.
LEISA and zero waste patterns must be optimized by utilizing the biomass found in oil palm, rubber, and coconut plantations as well as by-products of coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, food crops, horticulture and agricultural by-products as a source of feed and animal feed ingredients.
The volume of biomass can be estimated from the
harvested area or planted area and production of food crops and plantations.
The large volume of biomass greatly supports the development of land and water efficient
livestock farming, besides being able to overcome the problem of waste from
plantations, food crops and horticulture.
4. Building a Plantation Biomass Feed Factory Industry
Biomass utilization strategy, then livestock development does not have to be in the plantation environment, but the biomass can be taken out, either in the form of fresh or processed feed raw materials, even if possible in commercial scale complete feed form. Therefore, this strategy can be supported by building a feed mill industry around plantations or central areas biomass. This feed mill can be a branch of the plantation business. Livestock development can also be carried out in areas where biomass is available so that it is more economical in terms of production.
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| Feed Factory Industry |
5. Build an Integrated Beef Cattle Farm
Integrated beef cattle farming industrial estates can be built in oil
palm plantations from upstream to downstream. This can be developed by
plantations as a branch of business. In this case, the source of feed still
relies on plantation waste which is processed into ready-to-eat feed so that
cheap feed will be obtained. In addition to the feed factory, RPH has also been
built. Beef cattle farming is carried out to slaughter to produce meat so as to
facilitate transportation and marketing. In this regard, it is also possible to
build an organic fertilizer factory and meat bone meal from beef bone waste.
6. Utilizing Local Cow Genetic Resources
Another strategy in utilizing livestock genetic resources is to choose livestock
commodities to be developed. For large livestock, Bali cattle and PO cattle can
be developed because they have adapted to the environment and local feed
sources are available. Other local cattle such as Madura cattle and Aceh cattle
can also be developed. Crosses with exotic breeds of cattle should only be used
for meat production, so there is no need to cross them until F2 and soon.
7. Increase the Consumption of Goat and Lamb
The genetic resources of local goats and sheep can be increased for meat production and consumption through promotion and socialization to the public so that the image or perception that goat meat is the cause of high blood pressure, stroke, and heart disease can be straightened out. Goat and lamb consumption pattern by reducing the fat content and offal need to be disseminated.
8. Developing Local Poultry, Pigs, and Various Livestock
Local chickens and ducks are genetic resources of local livestock which must be continuously developed for their cultivation and breeding so that their productivity increases and their sustainability is guaranteed. Disease handling must receive special attention so that its declining population (especially local chickens) can increase return and avoid the threat of outbreaks of infectious diseases such as AI, tetelo, and fowl cholera.
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| Local Poultry |
9. Optimizing the Availability of Breed Chicken Seeds
The availability of broiler breeds (GPS and PS) in Indonesia must be utilized optimally. Given the low consumption of animal protein (meat and eggs and milk) of the Indonesian population, the production of purebred chicken meat and eggs can be increased by increasing the existing production capacity. However, this effort needs to be accompanied by increasing purchasing power or changing non-food consumption patterns (such as cigarettes) to nutritious food consumption patterns by conducting socialization to the lower class community.
10. Increase Research and Development Activities and Add Value
Feed technology is urgently needed to meet the needs of feed and feed ingredients
derived from domestically available resources such as agricultural, forestry
and agro-industrial wastes. Likewise, local livestock breeding technology needs
to be continuously developed. The role of technological innovation in
increasing livestock productivity and production is very important, so it
requires investment in various research activities in a targeted manner
11. Developing Fresh Food and Processed Food of Livestock Origin
In the MP3EI program, there are three main targets, namely increasing added value from the production process, distribution and production efficiency, and strengthening the innovation system to increase global competitiveness. In addition, the safety of livestock products is guaranteed, the spread of disease can be reduced, and animal welfare increased. This situation needs to be followed by education/socialization to the community to get used to eating fresh or frozen or processed meat.
12. Developing Livestock and Feed Crops Research Results
Livestock produced by Indonesian researchers that have superior productivity and adaptation to the environment and feed resources should be developed to accelerate the increase in animal food production. Animal breeding institutions resulting from research that play a role in their propagation and distribution must be immediately realized by providing a clear and operational legal umbrella. Thus, the relationship between researchers and breeders and users will be tight, so that later research activities will be based more on the needs of the community.
13. Implementation of sustainable feed management technology
The application of sustainable feed management technology is attempted to
overcome the problem of low productivity and reproductive performance of beef
cattle caused by a lack of feed both in quality and quantity, because the
availability of local grass on the land is relatively fluctuating depending on
rainfall (drought and flood).